According to Talon's census there were 3,215 people in New France, comprising 538 separate families. It was organized by Jean Talon, the first Intendant of New France, between 16. Yves Landry says, 'Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time.' The 1666 census of New France was the first census conducted in North America. The women had about 30 per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France. Most of the French were farmers, and the rate of natural increase among the settlers themselves was very high. The European population grew slowly under French rule, thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. According to the 2011 Canadian Census, indigenous peoples ( First Nations – 851,560, Inuit – 59,445 and Métis – 451,795) numbered at 1,400,685, or 4.3% of the country's total population. From 2006 to 2016, the Indigenous population has grown by 42.5 percent, four times the national rate. In 1871 there was an enumeration of the indigenous population within the limits of Canada at the time, showing a total of only 102,358 individuals. Roland G Robertson suggests that during the late 1630s, smallpox killed over half of the Wyandot (Huron), who controlled most of the early North American fur trade in the area of New France. However repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), combined with other effects of European contact, resulted in a twenty-five percent to eighty percent indigenous population decrease post-contact. Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. During the late 15th century is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 currently accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health. Scholars vary on the estimated size of the indigenous population in what is now Canada prior to colonization and on the effects of European contact. See also: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Note: Population decline between 19 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count 'the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal'. Historical population overview Indigenous Population History in Canada Year 3.3 Canada as a whole since confederation.Between 19, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The 2021 Canadian census counted a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. Being a new world country, immigration has been, and remains, the most important factor in Canada's population growth. The historical growth of Canada's population is complex and has been influenced in many different ways, such as indigenous populations, expansion of territory, and human migration. As contrast, Russia's similar figure was 8.4 people per square kilometre. In 2021, the population density of Canada was 4.2 people per square kilometre. The large size of Canada's north, which is not at present arable, and thus cannot support large human populations, significantly lowers the country's carrying capacity. Canada's largest population centres are Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Ottawa, with those six being the only ones with more than one million people. Though Canada's population density is low, many regions in the south, such as the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, have population densities higher than several European countries.

Being, however, the fourth-largest country by land area (second-largest by total area), the vast majority of the country is sparsely inhabited, with most of its population south of the 55th parallel north and just over 60 percent of Canadians live in just two provinces: Ontario and Quebec. Canada ranks 37th by population, comprising about 0.5% of the world's total, with over 38 million Canadians as of 2022.

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